We report growing a polymer chain from the backbone of a bottlebrush polymer in the neat polymerization condition produces nanostructured polymer monoliths with ordered morphologies based on the Janus bottlebrush architecture. We installed a norbornene unit at the end of the polylactide macro-chain transfer agent (PLA-CTA) by single unit monomer insertion. We polymerized the resulting macromonomer via ring-opening metathesis polymerization to produce the PLA bottlebrush polymer, where a trithiocarbonate moiety remains on the backbone per every repeating unit. Neat polymerization of styrene in the presence of the PLA bottlebrush polymer proceeded in a grafting-from manner following the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer mechanism, resulting in a monolithic solid containing the doubly grafted PLA and polystyrene (PS) side chains. Polymerization-induced microphase separation (PIMS) spontaneously occurred, driven by the incompatibility between PLA and the growing PS segment. In contrast to the significant disordered fraction in PLA-b-PS produced with the linear PLA-CTA, the PLA/PS Janus bottlebrush polymer showed improved order across the investigated composition range. Formation of the asymmetric lamellae up to >80 vol % of PS indicated a strong preference for the lamellar symmetry of the Janus architecture. The in situ structured monoliths even exhibited narrower scattering peak widths compared to the solution-cast and annealed sample, suggesting the utility of the Janus PIMS process for facile preparation of ordered nanostructured materials with uniform domain size.
We report the synthesis of the amphiphilic diblock copolymer, poly (vinyl phenol)-block-poly (vinyl alcohol), and its reversible formation of invertible core-shell nanoparticles. The diblock copolymer composed of poly (4-vinylphenol) (P4VPh) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was prepared by the switchable reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (switchable-RAFT) of 4-acetoxystyrene and vinyl acetate and subsequent acetyl deprotection. The diblock copolymer was soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) but self-assembled into core-shell nanoparticles with the addition of H2O or tetrahydrofuran (THF). The formation and transition of the invertible core-shell system in response to solvent composition was characterized by 1H NMR, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, the fluorescent behavior of the P4VPh block was changed according to the morphological change of core-shell nanoparticle induced by solvent composition. With increasing the H2O content, the P4VPh chains in the DMSO solution collapsed and the diblock copolymers self-assembled to core-shell type micelles. Aggregation of P4VPh chains increased the local concentration of the phenolic group, resulting in fluorescence quenching. However, with the addition of THF to the DMSO solution, the inverted core-shell nanoparticles were formed where segregated P4VPh chains showed fluorescence.
Depolymerization breaks down polymer chains into monomers like unthreading beads, attracting more attention from a sustainability standpoint. When polymerization reaches equilibrium, polymerization and depolymerization can reversibly proceed by decreasing and increasing the temperature. Here, we demonstrate that such dynamic control of a growing polymer chain in a selective solvent can spontaneously modulate the self-assembly of block copolymer micellar nano-objects. Compared to polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA), where irreversible growth of a solvophobic polymer block from the end of a solvophilic polymer causes micellization, polymerization/depolymerization-induced self-assembly presented in this study allows us to reversibly regulate the packing parameter of the forming block copolymer and thus induce reversible morphological transitions of the nano-objects by temperature swing. Under the coupled equilibria of polymerization with self-assembly, we found that demixing of the growing polymer block in a more selective solvent entropically facilitates depolymerization at a substantially lower temperature. Taking ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone initiated from the hydroxyl-terminated poly(ethylene oxide) as a model system, we show that polymerization/depolymerization/repolymerization leads to reversible morphological transitions, such as rod–sphere–rod and fiber–rod–fiber, during the heating and cooling cycle and accompanied by changes in macroscopic properties such as viscosity, suggesting their potential as dynamic soft materials.
Thermo-responsive diblock copolymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-poly(N-vinylisobutyramide) was synthesized via switchable reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and its thermal transition behavior was studied. Poly(N-vinylisobutyramide) (PNVIBA), a structural isomer of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) shows a thermo-response character but with a higher lower critical solution temperature (LCST) than PNIPAM. The chain extension of the PNVIBA block from the PNIPAM block proceeded in a controlled manner with a switchable chain transfer reagent, methyl 2-[methyl(4-pyridinyl)carbamothioylthio]propionate. In an aqueous solution, the diblock copolymer shows a thermo-responsive behavior but with a single LCST close to the LCST of PNVIBA, indicating that the interaction between the PNIPAM segment and the PNVIBA segment leads to cooperative aggregation during the self-assembly induced phase separation of the diblock copolymer in solution. Above the LCST of the PNIPAM block, the polymer chains begin to collapse, forming small aggregates, but further aggregation stumbled due to the PNVIBA segment of the diblock copolymer. However, as the temperature approached the LCST of the PNVIBA block, larger aggregates composed of clusters of small aggregates formed, resulting in an opaque solution.
Block polymers comprising covalently joined polymeric segments represent a class of nanostructured, multicomponent polymeric materials. Polymerization-induced microphase separation (PIMS) is an intriguing subset that allows for simultaneous nanostructuring during block polymer synthesis. In contrast to polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA), useful for the spontaneous formation of block polymer micelles, PIMS is well suited to fabricating monolithic block polymer materials by turning a whole polymerization mixture into a nanostructured solid. With the in situ cross-linking feature, PIMS offers a facile route to nanostructured block polymer thermosets in combination with various polymerization techniques, from emulsion polymerization to 3D printing. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview and practical guide on PIMS by covering its historical background and mechanistic aspects and also highlighting representative material classes and applicable polymerization techniques.
The present invention relates to a method of synthesizing hydrocarbon polymers using a deoxygenation reaction, wherein, by deoxygenating polymers including oxygen atom-containing functional groups in side chains thereof to thereby remove the functional groups of the side chains, various block copolymers including polyolefins and hydrocarbon polymers with complex architectures can be synthesized.
We developed a synthetic route, based on radical polymerization, to a fluorescent monolithic hierarchically porous polymer composed of extended π-conjugated triphenylene motifs. A hexa-vinyl cross-linker containing the triphenylene core was synthesized and copolymerized with styrene in the presence of a polylactide macro-chain transfer agent to produce a cross-linked block copolymer monolith. Polymerization-induced microphase separation occurred during polymerization in situ, resulting in a disordered bicontinuous morphology of polylactide and cross-linked polystyrenic domains at a nanometer scale. Removal of polylactide generated percolating mesopores with controllable pore size and exposed micropores within the polystyrenic network. A strong bluish fluorescence was observed from the resulting porous monolith, originating from the embedded triphenylene. Fluorescence was quenched upon exposure to a solution of nitroaromatic compounds. Much stronger and faster quenching compared to the nonporous analog was attributed to the improvement in access to the triphenylene group via enhanced diffusion of the analyte through the interconnected mesopores.
본 발명은 탈산소화반응을 이용한 탄화수소계 고분자의 합성방법에 관한 것으로서, 산소원자를 지니는 관능기를 측쇄에 포함하는 고분자의 탈산소화 반응을 이용해 측쇄의 관능기를 제거하여 폴리올레핀을 포함하는 다양한 블록 공중합체 및 복잡한 아키텍처의 탄화수소계 고분자를 합성할 수 있다.
Bioadhesives are becoming an essential and important ingredient in medical science. Despite numerous reports, developing adhesive materials that combine strong adhesion, biocompatibility, and biodegradation remains a challenging task. Here, we present a biocompatible yet biodegradable block copolymer-based waterborne superglue that leads to an application of follicle-free hair transplantation. Our design strategy bridges self-assembled, temperature-sensitive block copolymer nanostructures with tannic acid as a sticky and biodegradable polyphenolic compound. The formulation further uniquely offers step-by-step increases in adhesion strength via heating–cooling cycles. Combining the modular design with the thermal treating process enhances the mechanical properties up to 5 orders of magnitude compared to the homopolymer formulation. This study opens a new direction in bioadhesive formulation strategies utilizing block copolymer nanotechnology for systematic and synergistic control of the material’s properties.
Bottlebrush polymers (BBPs) are a type of comb-like macromolecule with densely grafted polymeric sidechains attached to the polymer backbones, and many intriguing properties and applications have been demonstrated due to their unique architecture. Moreover, a ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) technique using Grubbs catalysts allows a precise control of various structural parameters in BBPs, such as the sidechain length, backbone length, and sidechain microstructures. This review mainly highlights recent advances of BBPs prepared by ROMP, from synthesis efforts to properties and applications.
Supramolecular polymerization offers a fascinating opportunity to develop dynamic soft materials by associating monomeric building blocks via noncovalent interactions. We report that polymerization can spontaneously drive the supramolecular polymerization of nanoscale micellar objects. We constructed the patchy micelles via two-step polymerization-induced self-assembly. A horizontal association between the patches results in a 1D supermicellar chain in situ by minimizing the enthalpic penalty of exposing the growing chains to solvent. Its length grows with increasing degree of polymerization, confirming that the supramolecular polymerization was triggered and controlled by polymerization. Our results highlight the observation that (1) the entire self-assembly process of forming, compartmentalizing, and associating the micelles can be driven by polymerization in a concerted manner and that (2) polymerization-induced self-assembly now can use compartmentalized nanoobjects as substrates beyond block copolymer chains. Polymerization-induced supramolecular polymerization could be useful for the autonomous preparation of hierarchical nanostructures.
The present invention relates to a method of preparing a hierarchically porous polymer and a hierarchically porous polymer prepared thereby. The method comprises the steps of: (a) polymerizing an external oil phase of a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) consisting aqueous droplets to produce a cross-linked block copolymer; (b) obtaining a macroporous polymer with interconnected macropores by removing the aqueous droplets; and (c) treating the obtained porous polymer with a base, thereby obtaining a hierarchically porous polymer having three-dimensional mesopores formed in the macroporous walls. According to the method, the macropore size and mesopore size of the hierarchically porous polymer can all be controlled. The hierarchically porous polymer prepared by the method can easily separate polymers having different sizes, and thus is highly useful in the polymer separation field.
Synthesizing nanoporous polymer from the block polymer template by selective removal of the sacrificial domain offers straightforward pore size control as a function of the degree of polymerization (N). Downscaling pore size into the microporous regime (<2 nm) has been thermodynamically challenging, because the low N drives the system to disorder and the small-sized pore is prone to collapse. Herein, we report that maximizing cross-linking density of a block polymer precursor with an increased interaction parameter (χ) can help successfully stabilize the structure bearing pore sizes of 1.1 nm. We adopt polymerization-induced microphase separation (PIMS) combined with hyper-cross-linking as a strategy for the preparation of the bicontinuous block polymer precursors with a densely cross-linked framework by copolymerization of vinylbenzyl chloride with divinylbenzene and also Friedel–Crafts alkylation. Incorporating 4-vinylbiphenyl as a higher-χ comonomer to the sacrificial polylactide (PLA) block and optimizing the segregation strength versus cross-linking density allow for further downscaling. Control of pore size by N of PLA is demonstrated in the range of 9.9–1.1 nm. Accessible surface area to fluorescein-tagged dextrans is regulated by the relative size of the pore to the guest, and pore size is controlled. These findings will be useful for designing microporous polymers with tailored pore size for advanced catalytic and separation applications.
A hierarchically porous polymer (HPP) consisting of micropores (∼1 nm) within a 3D continuous mesoporous wall (∼15 nm) was used to support well-defined Pt nanoparticles (2 nm in diameter) as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction in the liquid phase. The ligand-capped nanoparticles were loaded into the polymer and treated with plasma to expose the active surface. The dual porosity was essential: the block polymer-templated mesopores provided the reactants facile access to the nanoparticle center, which was firmly immobilized by the microporous surface. Compared to inorganic mesoporous silica supports, which are intrinsically susceptible to basic hydrolysis, the Pt-HPP featured higher activity for all halide leaving groups, even in green solvents, as well as excellent recyclability. Only 5% decrease in activity was observed after 10 cycles. Pt-HPP was one of the most active heterogeneous catalysts for aryl chloride substrates compared to literature Pt or Pd examples.
We report the synthesis of thiopropionic acid-functionalized polymethacrylate-b-polystyrene (PMATA-b-PS) as a template for patterning Ag nanoarrays. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of silyl-protected propagyl methacrylate followed by chain extension with styrene produced a block copolymer precursor. Deprotection of the trimethylsilyl group and subsequent thiol-yne reaction afforded the target, PMATA-b-PS. While the entire series of the precursor was in the disordered phase, microphase separated morphologies were identified from PMATA-b-PS, indicating an increased interaction parameter (χ) as a result of introducing the acid groups. As a preliminary result, we show that an Ag nanoparticle array can be fabricated by selectively associating Ag+ ions to the PMATA cylinders in the thin film of PMATA-b-PS and removing the organic polymer layer by oxygen plasma treatment.
This study explores hyper-cross-linking of the cores of block copolymer micelles as a means to generate star polymers with a hyper-cross-linked core surrounded by linear corona arms. A solution of poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-polystyrene (MS) was prepared in acetonitrile to form micelles which were reacted with α,α’-dichloro-p-xylene in the presence of FeCl3 to produce core hyper-cross-linked star (CHS) polymers by selective cross-linking of the PS core. A kinetic investigation showed formation of high-molar mass species (>104 kg mol−1) within 1 h of reaction, which supported conversion of individual MS micelles into CHS polymers. We synthesized several CHS polymers by varying the PS core fractions from 20 to 53%. All the polymers possessed discrete spherical cores that were 19–60 nm in diameter and all were highly soluble in organic solvents retaining the CHS architecture. While permanent microporosity was not detected by gas sorption measurements, increased dye uptake of CHS polymer in solution suggests utility of CHS polymers as stable and solution-processible nanocontainers with accessible free volume in the core.
We report polymerization-induced self-assembly via controlled cross-linking copolymerization to produce robust block copolymer micelles with spherical, elongated, and branched shapes. Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene (DVB) or 1,2-bismaleimidoethane (BMI) as a cross-linker in the presence of a polylactide macro-chain transfer agent (PLA-CTA) was performed in acetonitrile, which is a non-solvent to polystyrene (PS). The addition of the cross-linker accelerates the copolymerization compared to styrene homopolymerization, which leads to the formation of block polymer micelles within a shorter time frame, followed by in situ inter-chain cross-linking. The micelles are virtually identical to the core cross-linked star polymer consisting of a cross-linked polystyrenic core surrounded by a PLA corona. Molecular weights up to more than 1000 kg mol−1 could be obtained with relatively narrow dispersity values (1.1–1.4). In the case of copolymerization with DVB, the micellar morphology changes from spherical to elongated and branched shapes with increasing conversion. The size and morphology of the micelles are retained in a good solvent to PS, suggesting that the in situ cross-linking effectively stabilizes the micellar core. BMI undergoes alternating copolymerization with styrene in the early stage of polymerization and yields spherical micelles exclusively, because the densely cross-linked core seems to prevent further morphological transition.
Mesoporous nonoxide ceramics are attractive for applications such as catalytic supporters and separations with exceptional thermochemical stability. Here we report on the one-step preparation of microphase-separated bicontinuous organic–inorganic polymer precursors for forming 3D continuous polymer-derived ceramic monoliths without an external block copolymer template and annealing steps. We combined polymerization-induced phase separation with in situ hybrid block polymer formation from a mixture of a preceramic monomer, a cross-linker, and a thermally decomposable organic segment containing a terminal chain transfer agent. The resultant cross-linked polymeric monoliths, moldable to any desired shape, were converted to 3D-continuous mesoporous silicon carbonitride ceramics with a pore size in the 3–11 nm range and a surface area of 107–410 m2 g–1 by varying the molar mass of the sacrificial organic block and the pyrolytic temperature. The 3D-disordered pore structure is beneficial for retaining the monolithic shape via isotropic shrinkage during ceramization. The distinctive characteristics of this synthetic approach, which are the absence of a solvent, a structure-directing block copolymer, and an annealing process, are affordable for the large production of nanoporous ceramic monoliths for various high-temperature applications and should be applicable for additive manufacturing with direct polymerizability for the fabrication of hierarchically porous materials in complex shapes with dimensional scalability.
We developed a block polymer-based synthetic route to sulfonated porous composites (SPCs) with precisely controlled nanopore size. By reducing the pore size to <4 nm and introducing a high density of surface sulfonic acid, the permeation of vanadium ions was effectively suppressed. We employed a polymerization-induced microphase separation (PIMS) process, in which a polyethylene fiber mat impregnated with a liquid polymerization mixture was spontaneously transformed into a fiber-reinforced and cross-linked block polymer membrane. Selective etching and sulfonation then produced the target composite membrane. In a vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) cell, an SPC with 3.6 nm-sized mesopores, 109 m2 g–1 of specific surface area, and 0.3 mL g–1 of mesoporosity outperformed a Nafion 212 membrane of similar thickness, providing higher proton conductivity and much lower vanadium permeability. Thanks to the composite reinforcement, the membrane demonstrated remarkably enhanced mechanical stability. The SPC membrane could be successfully operated up to 300 cycles. Compared with Nafion 212, the SPC exhibited higher energy efficiencies (EEs) and higher discharge capacity retention. These results suggest the promise of block polymer-based permselective membranes in advanced battery applications.
We report the self-assembly of monolayer vesicles from Janus core–shell bottlebrush polymers. A route was developed to synthesize doubly grafted bottlebrush copolymers (DGBCPs) possessing A-b-B and B′-b-C side chains on a single repeating unit. Graft-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization of a norbornene moiety installed by single unit monomer insertion allowed us to place the backbone on any repeating unit of the core (B and B′) block. By decorating each core chain end with different chains via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, we can obtain nanoobjects with an asymmetric B core and a phase-separated A/C shell. We demonstrate that polystyrene-branch-polystyrene′ and polylactide-b-polystyrene-branch-polystyrene′-b-poly(n-butyl acrylate) macromonomers can be successfully synthesized and polymerized to produce DGBCPs in high yields (81–94% conversion) with an absolute molar mass of 149–395 kg mol–1 and a dispersity of 1.18–1.38. In a solvent slightly more selective to A than C, self-assembly of monolayer vesicles with diameter of <100 nm was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Dissipative particle dynamics simulations suggest that increasing the backbone length and moving the backbone toward the B′/C interface increases the backbone bending energy and favors a lower curvature. The spontaneous curvature appears to prefer a particular layer radius, avoiding bilayer formation.
We report a route to synthesize polylactide-b-poly(ether sulfone)-b-polylactide (PLA-b-PES-b-PLA) containing PES and PLA, which provide a mechanically robust framework and a sacrificial template for pore formation, respectively. High-molar mass PES terminated with fluorine groups was synthesized by the step-growth nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reaction, and the chain ends were transformed into benzylic hydroxyl groups by chain end modification. Growth of the PLA using the hydroxyl groups as initiating sites via chain-growth ring opening transesterification polymerization (ROTEP) produced the target triblock copolymer. Although the step-growth polymerization produced a PES middle block with high dispersity, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses indicated the formation of an ordered lamellar morphology. We further demonstrated that a nanoporous PES with slit-like pores could be obtained by selective removal of the PLA.
We investigated the microphase separation behavior of well-defined poly(arylene ether sulfone)-b-polylactide (PES-b-PLA) diblock copolymers. PES was synthesized by the nucleophilic aromatic substitution polymerization of 4-fluoro-4′-hydroxydiphenyl sulfone potassium salt in the presence of an allyl-functionalized initiator, which follows a chain growth condensation polymerization mechanism. A hydroxyl group installed via a thiol-ene reaction was utilized as the initiating site for the ring opening polymerization of d,l-lactide, producing the target polymer. The polymers were further purified by preparative size-exclusion chromatography and analyzed by small-angle X-ray scattering with temperature variations from room temperature to 150 °C. The PES block was glassy in the employed temperature range, but the PLA chains provided sufficient mobility for ordering of the block copolymer when PES was the minor fraction. An order-disorder transition (ODT) with changing temperature could not be located because PLA was not stable above 170 °C. From the degree of polymerization values of the polymers near the ODT, the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter, χ, could be roughly estimated as 0.12 at 150 °C. This high χ value suggests that engineering plastic-containing block copolymers could be useful in advanced lithographic and filtration applications.
We propose the defunctionalization of vinyl polymers as a strategy to access previously inaccessible polyolefin materials. By utilizing B(C6F5)3-catalyzed deoxygenation in the presence of silane, we demonstrate that eliminating the pendent ester in poly(methyl acrylate) effectively leaves a linear hydrocarbon polymer with methyl pendants, which is polypropylene. We further show that a polypropylene-b-polystyrene diblock copolymer and a polystyrene-b-polypropylene-b-polystyrene triblock copolymer can be successfully derived from the poly(methyl acrylate)-containing block polymer precursors and exhibit quite distinct materials properties due to their chemical transformation. This unique postpolymerization modification methodology, which goes beyond the typical functional group conversion, can offer access to a diverse range of unprecedented polyolefin block polymers with a variable degree of functional groups.
We report a new methodology that allows for forming micropores in hierarchically porous polymers by employing the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of conjugated multi-vinyl cross-linkers with styrene. Using divinylbenzene, 4,4′-divinylbiphenyl, 1,3,5-tris(4-vinylphenyl)benzene and tetrakis(4-vinylbiphenyl)methane as cross-linkers, the RAFT copolymerization was carried out in the presence of polylactide macro-chain transfer agents. During the polymerization, microphase separation occurred spontaneously to produce cross-linked block polymer precursors with a bicontinuous morphology composed of polylactide and cross-linked polystyrene microdomains. Hierarchically porous polymers with strong fluorescence were successfully derived by polylactide etching. We demonstrate that the rigid conjugated structure of the cross-linkers with a high cross-linking density is critical for creating the micropores and for stabilizing the mesopores that are templated by the polylactide domain.
We report a blending mechanism of polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) and PS homopolymer (homoPS) at the air/water interface. Our blending mechanism is completely different from the well-known “wet–dry brush theory” for bulk blends; regardless of the size of homoPS, the domain size increased and the morphology changed without macrophase separation, whereas the homoPS of small molecular weight (MW) leads to a transition after blending into the block copolymer domains, and the large MW homoPS is phase-separated in bulk. The difference in blending mechanism at the interface is attributed to adsorption kinetics at a water/spreading solvent interface. Upon spreading, PS-b-PEO is rapidly adsorbed to the water/spreading solvent interface and forms domain first, and then homoPS accumulates on them as the solvent completely evaporates. On the basis of our proposed mechanism, we demonstrate that rapid PS-b-PEO adsorption is crucial to determine the final morphology of the blends. We additionally found that spreading preformed self-assemblies of the blends slowed down the adsorption, causing them to behave similar to bulk blends, following the “wet–dry brush theory”. This new mechanism provides useful information for various block copolymer-homopolymer blending systems with large fluid/fluid interfaces such as emulsions and foams.
We report the preparation of hierarchically porous polymers containing fully interconnected and controlled micro-, meso-, and macropores, where a hyper-cross-linked microporous polymer skeleton forms a reticulating mesoporous wall that supports a highly porous macropore framework. These materials provide high specific surface area and >90% porosity, useful for rapid sorption of organic molecules.
Recently, because of rapid advances in electrical vehicles, unmanned air vehicles, and humanoid mobile robots, structural energy storage devices with a concurrent capability to store electrochemical energy and to support mechanical loads have been in the spotlight. However, a big hurdle to realizing an integrated electro-chemo-mechanical system is to develop highly compatible active electrodes and structural electrolytes with superior mechanical strength and electrochemical functionality while retaining light weight. We report a load-bearing structural supercapacitor by utilizing a bicontinuous PEO-b-P(S-co-DVB) structural electrolyte and carbon-coated Ni-Co nanowires grown on carbon fiber woven fabric. A liquid polymerization mixture between the electrodes is transformed into a solid-state block copolymer electrolyte, preserving conformal contact with the nanostructured electrode surface. The polymerization-induced microphase separation produces a bicontinuous morphology of cross-linked hard domain and liquid-like conductive domain in the electrode, providing high modulus and high conductivity. The resulting structural supercapacitor is able to operate under tensile and even bending load, suggesting its wide potential applications.
This image from the research of Soobin Kim and Myungeun Seo on page 900 shows a scanning electron micrograph of a hierarchically porous polymer synthesized by combination of hyper‐crosslinking with polymerization‐induced microphase separation (PIMS). Three‐dimensionally continuous mesopores with size of ca. 10 nm are evident. The PIMS process allows them to readily produce a crosslinked block polymer precursor with a disordered bicontinuous morphology composed of polylactide (PLA) and polystyrenic microdomains. A hyper‐crosslinking reaction degrades the PLA to generate the mesoporous space, and it simultaneously creates micropores smaller than 2 nm (not visible) within the polystyrenic microdomain to yield the hierarchical pore structure. This provides improved stability and accelerated diffusion to microporous surface. (DOI: 10.1002/pola.28966)
Microcapsules with nanoporous membranes can regulate transmembrane transport in a size-dependent fashion while protecting active materials in the core from the surrounding, and are thereby useful as artificial cell models, carriers for cells and catalysts, and microsensors. In this work, we report a pragmatic microfluidic approach to producing such semipermeable microcapsules with precise control of the cutoff threshold of permeation. Using a homogeneous polymerization mixture for the polymerization-induced microphase separation (PIMS) process as the oil phase of water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions, a densely cross-linked shell composed of a bicontinuous nanostructure that percolates through the entire thickness is prepared, which serves as a template for a monolithic nanoporous membrane of microcapsules with size-selective permeability. We demonstrate that the nanopores with precisely controlled size by the block polymer self-assembly govern molecular diffusion through the membrane and render manipulation of the cutoff threshold.
We report on the phase separation behaviors of polymerization mixtures containing a polylactide macro-chain transfer agent (PLA-CTA), styrene, divinylbenzene, hydroxyl-terminated PLA (PLA-OH), and a molecular chain transfer agent which enable the ability to tune the pore size of a cross-linked polymer monolith in a facile manner. Cross-linked monoliths were produced from the mixtures via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and converted into cross-linked porous polymers by selective removal of PLA while retaining the parent morphology. We demonstrate that pore sizes are tunable over a wide range of length scales from the meso- to macroporous regimes by adjusting the ratio of PLA-CTA to PLA-OH in the reaction mixture which causes the phase separation mechanism to change from polymerization-induced microphase separation to polymerization-induced phase separation. The possibility of increasing porosity and inducing simultaneous micro- and macrophase separation was also realized by adjustments in the molar mass of PLA which enabled the synthesis of hierarchically meso- and macroporous polymers.
본 발명은 블록 공중합체 자기조립을 응용하여 세공 크기가 정밀하게 조절된 다공성 고분자막을 제조할 수 있는 한외여과막용 블록공중합체 및 이의 제조방법에 관한 것이다.
본 발명의 블록공중합체는 블록공중합체를 형성하는 고분자들의 분자량과 함량을 조절하여 세공 크기와 분포를 정밀하게 제어할 수 있으며, 또한, 현재 한외여과막으로 사용되고 있는 폴리이서술폰을 기본 소재로 사용하고 있어 기계적 물성이 우수하다.
본 발명은 현재 한외여과 분리막에 쓰이고 있는 폴리이서술폰을 포함하는 블록 공중합체를 합성하고 이에 기반한 나노다공성 고분자 제조 기술 개발을 통해 차세대 한외여과용 나노다공성 여과막을 구현하였으며, 기존의 상반전법을 통한 폴리이서술폰 한외여과 분리막 제조공정을 적용할 수 있어 평판 분리막 또는 중공사막 분리막으로 쉽게 가공할 수 있으므로 높은 산업적 응용 가치를 가진다.
We report synthesis of hierarchically porous polymers (HPPs) consisting of micropores and well-defined 3D continuous mesopores by combination of hyper-cross-linking and block polymer self-assembly. Copolymerization of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride (VBzCl) with divinylbenzene (DVB) in the presence of polylactide (PLA) macro-chain-transfer agent produced a cross-linked block polymer precursor PLA-b-P(VBzCl-co-DVB) via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. A nanoscopic bicontinuous morphology containing PLA and P(VBzCl-co-DVB) microdomains was obtained as a result of polymerization-induced microphase separation. While a basic treatment of the precursor selectively removed PLA to yield a reticulated mesoporous polymer, hyper-cross-linking of the precursor by FeCl3 generated micropores in the P(VBzCl-co-DVB) microdomain via Friedel–Crafts alkylation and simultaneously degraded PLA to produce the HPP containing micropores in the mesoporous framework. The mesopore size of the HPP could be precisely controlled from 6 to 15 nm by controlling the molar mass of PLA. We demonstrate acceleration in adsorption rate in the HPP compared to a hyper-cross-linked microporous polymer.
Interfacial polymerization of an acid chloride-containing block polymer and a multivalent amine in the presence of a macroporous support was explored as a means to generate a nanoporous thin film composite (TFC) membrane potentially useful for ultrafiltration. When polylactide-b-poly(styrene-co-vinylbenzoyl chloride) (PLA-b-P(S-co-VBC)) in an organic phase and m-phenylenediamine (MPD) in an aqueous phase were used as the reactive block polymer and the amine, respectively, a block polymer thin film was successfully formed on a polysulfone support. This nanostructured film could be converted into a nanoporous layer by subsequent PLA etching under mild basic conditions. While most organic solvents used to dissolve PLA-b-P(S-co-VBC) damaged the support and decreased permeability of the resulting membrane, use of a mixture of methyl isobutyl ketone and acetonitrile produced a TFC membrane with high permeability.
Detailed experiments designed to optimize and understand the solvent vapor annealing of cylinder-forming poly(styrene)-block-poly(lactide) thin films for nanolithographic applications are reported. By combining climate-controlled solvent vapor annealing (including in situ probes of solvent concentration) with comparative small-angle X-ray scattering studies of solvent-swollen bulk polymers of identical composition, it is concluded that a narrow window of optimal solvent concentration occurs just on the ordered side of the order–disorder transition. In this window, the lateral correlation length of the hexagonally close-packed ordering, the defect density, and the cylinder orientation are simultaneously optimized, resulting in single-crystal-like ordering over 10 μm scales. The influences of polymer synthesis method, composition, molar mass, solvent vapor pressure, evaporation rate, and film thickness have all been assessed, confirming the generality of this behavior. Analogies to thermal annealing of elemental solids, in combination with an understanding of the effects of process parameters on annealing conditions, enable qualitative understanding of many of the key results and underscore the likely generality of the main conclusions. Pattern transfer via a Damascene-type approach verified the applicability for high-fidelity nanolithography, yielding large-area metal nanodot arrays with center-to-center spacing of 38 nm (diameter 19 nm). Finally, the predictive power of our findings was demonstrated by using small-angle X-ray scattering to predict optimal solvent annealing conditions for poly(styrene)-block-poly(lactide) films of low molar mass (18 kg mol–1). High-quality templates with cylinder center-to-center spacing of only 18 nm (diameter of 10 nm) were obtained. These comprehensive results have clear and important implications for optimization of pattern transfer templates and significantly advance the understanding of self-assembly in block copolymer thin films.
Controlled copolymerization of acryloyl chloride (AC), methacryloyl chloride (MAC), and vinylbenzoyl chloride (VBC) with styrene via the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process was investigated. Copolymerization was conducted in 1,4-dioxane at 60 °C using azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator and S-1-dodecyl-S′-(R,R′-dimethyl-R′′-acetic acid) trithiocarbonate as a chain transfer agent (CTA). The reactive copolymer was obtained by precipitating in hexanes. Methyl ester analogues of the reactive polymers were obtained by precipitating in methanol for analytical purposes and their 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography analyses indicated that the best control was achieved for P(S-co-VBC) produced by copolymerization of styrene and VBC. Kinetics of the copolymerization of styrene and VBC was consistent with the RAFT mechanism. Reactive block polymers consisting of the P(S-co-VBC) block were also readily prepared using a macromolecular chain transfer agent. P(S-co-VBC) was successfully functionalized by reaction with alcohols or amines to form ester or amide linkages demonstrating its utility for the postpolymerization modification approach.
The viscosity of poly(styrene)-b-poly(lactide) [PS-b-PLA] solutions in a neutral solvent was characterized by magnetic microrheology. The effect of polymer concentration on the viscosity of the block polymer solutions was compared with that of the PS and PLA homopolymers in the same solvent. The viscosity of PS-b-PLA solution, unlike the homopolymer solutions, showed a steep increase over a narrow concentration range. The steep rise was concomitant with microphase separation into an ordered cylindrical microstructure as determined by small-angle X-ray scattering. Hence microrheology proved effective as a means of characterizing the order–disorder transition concentration. During an in situ drying experiment, changes in local viscosity through the depth of a block copolymer solution were characterized as a function of drying time. Early in the drying process, the viscosity rose steadily and was uniform through the depth, a result consistent with steadily increasing and uniform polymer concentration. However, later in the drying process as the overall polymer concentration approached that required for microphase separation, the viscosity of the polymer solution near the free surface became an order of magnitude higher than that near the bottom of the container. The zone of high viscosity moved downward as drying proceeded, consistent with a microphase separation front.
Using a simultaneous block polymerization/in situ cross-linking from a heterofunctional initiator approach, we produced a nanostructured and cross-linked block polymer in a single step from a ternary mixture of monomers and used it as a precursor for a cross-linked nanoporous material. Using 2-(benzylsulfanylthiocarbonylsulfanyl)ethanol as a heterofunctional initiator, simultaneous ring-opening transesterification polymerization of d,l-lactide in the presence of tin 2-ethylhexanoate as a catalyst and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of styrene at 120 °C produced a polylactide-b-polystyrene (PLA-b-PS) block polymer. Incorporation of divinylbenzene in the polymerization mixture allowed in situ cross-linking during the simultaneous block polymerization to result in the cross-linked block polymer precursor in one step. This material was converted into cross-linked nanoporous polymer by etching PLA in a basic solution.
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![[일반총설] 블록 공중합체 전구체로부터 유도되는 다공성 고분자 (porous polymers derived from block polymer precursors)](https://nanopsg.kaist.ac.kr/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2015_PST_thumb.jpg)
